¶ INTRODUCTION
In the first part of the manual, we deal in its salient aspects with the concept of Personnel Recovery, which is defined as the "Sum of military, diplomatic and civilian efforts to prepare and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel".
It is therefore a very broad definition that summarises a series of generic and specific activities in order to achieve the set result.
The spectrum of PR operations includes the following activities:
- Search and Rescue (SAR) refers to the location and recovery of people in a non-hostile environment. (REFER TO THE DEDICATED MANUAL - LINK)
- Combat Recovery (CR) Combat recovery is the recovery of personnel isolated from a situation in which hostile interference can be expected and who are not prepared to deal with this type of operation.
- Combat Search And rescue (CSAR) Combat search and rescue (CSAR) is the application of specific tactics, techniques, and procedures by dedicated forces to recover isolated personnel in distress, prepared and trained for this type of operation.
- Non-conventional Assisted Recovery (NAR) Non-conventional assisted recovery (NAR) involves the use of unconventional forces or other types of assistance when conventional means are not suitable.
¶ This manual DOES NOT COVER "unconventional" operations.
The difference between Combat Recovery and Combat SAR is subtle and can be summarised in the application of different tactics and procedures where the personnel to be recovered are trained or not in this type of operation.
We will therefore treat the CSAR part being wider and including and incorporating in fact also the Combat Recovery operations.
The second part of the manual refers to the operations of MEDEVAC in hostile environments which is a topic very related and sometimes interconnected to this type of special operations.
Happy reading!
¶ ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
AAA Anti-aircraft artillery
AMC Airborne Mission Commander
AOC Air Operation Centre
ATO Air Tasking Order
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
C2 Command and Control
CR Combat Recovery
CSAR Combat Search and Rescue
CSARTF Combat Search and Rescue Task Force
DF Direction Finder
EF Extraction Force
FAC(A) Forward Air Controller (Airborne)
FARP Forward Arming and Refuelling Point
JTAC Joint Terminal Air Controller
LZ Landing Zone
MTF Medical Treatment Facility
NAR Non-conventional Assisted Recovery
OSC On-Scene Commander
POI Point of Injury
PRTF Personnel Recovery Task Force
RCC Rescue Coordination Centre
ROE Rules of Engagement
SAM Surface to Air Missile
SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defence
SPINS Special Instructions
OBJECTIVE AREA The designated area where the recovery operations will take place.
EXTRACTION The phase in which contact, and recovery of isolated personnel takes place.
¶ PERSONNEL RECOVERY
¶ PR ORGANISATION
¶ PR COORDINATION CELL (PRCC)
It is the centre where rescue requests are relaunched and processed and from where SAR is/are requested to the groups / agencies responsible for carrying out the rescue missions.
- It is the collector of Information;
- Coordinates all operations centrally;
- Decides the assets to be used;
¶ AIR MISSION COMMANDER (AMC)
The AMC is usually an airborne C2 controller (AWACS) and is able to control multiple resources performing different and often complex tasks and is responsible for conducting and coordinating the CSARTF.
The AMC supports CSAR by providing navigation assistance and transmitting authentication data and isolated personnel information to C2 agencies and CSARTF elements. The AMC also:
- It coordinates the establishment of CSAR communication networks.
- It manages the flow of aircraft to and from the area of operations.
- Coordinates appropriate no-fire-zones in the area.
- Update CSARTF participants on mission progress, threats, and weather.
¶ ON-SCENE COMMANDER (OSC)
A OSC is normally designated by the AMC.
- It monitors operations in the area and ensures coordinated and timely recovery.
- OSC and CSARTF must coordinate closely to select inbound or outbound routes and tactics to adopt in the area based on hostile activity, terrain, and the number of isolated personnel to be recovered.
- All CSARTF participants must contact the OSC before entering the Objective Area.
¶ CSAR TASK FORCE
A team of two or more assets that form a CSAR mission is called a CSARTF.
¶ The term CSARTF can also be replaced by the term PRTF
The tasks of the CSARTF are as follows:
- Provide navigation assistance, armed escort and force protection from air and ground threats;
- Identify and authenticate isolated personnel before recovery assets kick in;
- Protect isolated personnel from enemy threats;
- Pick up isolated personnel and bring them to a non-hostile area;
- Coordinate and direct the search flow and rescue task force elements into the objective area.
Rescue CAP aircraft will be assigned, if necessary, to CSARTF in order to protect other task force assets and/or isolated personnel from all threats. The FAC(A) aircraft or JTAC can provide CSARTF with significant tactical advantages by locating lone personnel prior to the arrival of CSARTF and providing the current threat assessment near the area.
¶ CSAR OPERATIONS
CSAR operations are generally divided into five phases:
- Awareness and notification
- Situation assessment
- Mission planning
- Mission Execution
- Mission conclusion
¶ AWARENESS AND NOTIFICATION
Awareness and notification is the process of detecting and communicating information about an ejection, crash or ditch.
Isolated personnel should attempt to establish radio contact with a wingman, escort aircraft, AWACS or any force in the area.
When pilots detect significant aircraft problems, or when an ejection, crash or landing appears imminent, crews should (conditions permitting):
- Attempt to establish radio contact by calling "MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY" on the last contact frequency, an established common frequency, or international emergency frequencies. Once the communication has been established, please transmit the following information:
- Callsign,
- Type of aircraft,
- Position,
- Route,
- Speed,
- Level,
- Nature of Emergency,
- Intentions.
- In a non-permissive environment, position the aircraft in such a way as to reduce the likelihood that the enemy will detect the position of the affected aircraft, for example, give position from the BULLSEYE point, or from the target of the mission as indicated in the ATO (currently not stimulable) or SPINS.
- In a permissive environment, keep the transmission long enough to allow the use of the Direction Finder (DF).
FORWARDING OF INFORMATION
Any friendly force receiving information of aircraft in distress or isolated personnel shall forward the details to the designated command and control agency. If an ejection, crash or landing is observed by another crew or ground personnel, the listed information (if known) shall be provided to the monitoring agency:
- Callsign,
- Type of aircraft,
- Colour
- Precise or estimated location referred to navaids or references to the ground
- Day and Time of the accident
- Number of persons on board
- Health status of occupants
- Contact frequency
- Authentication information
- Situation of enemy forces in the area
- Any other relevant information
A crew observing an ejection, crash or landing should:
- Stay in the area as permitted by conditions at that time or until you are replaced by other aircraft. DO NOT circuit over the survivor so that it is more difficult to identify the position of the survivor by hostile forces;
- Keep the parachute in sight;
- Take note of the ejection/landing site location if possible;
- Relay survivor's communications and carry out defensive cover;
- Assume the role of on-scene OSC commander as permitted by the current threat until an OSC delegated to that function arrives;
- Provide updates that include possible deployments or movement of hostile forces, as well as possible recovery areas;
¶ ASSESSMENT
In general, a C2 agency will designate an AMC and the activities available to form a CSAR task force.
The C2 agency will select the appropriate CSAR forces, both in type and composition, after carrying out an assessment:
- general situation;
- available resources;
- of threats, both terrestrial and air.
Depending on the level, threats are divided into:
- Low Threat: This environment contains enemy forces and goods that are highly dispersed and poorly concentrated. Their ability to replenish has been limited. Weapon systems typically include small arms, light anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), up to 0.50 calibre and/or 14.5 mm equivalent weapons, and shoulder-mountable infrared (IR) surface-to-air (IR) missiles.
- Medium Threat: This environment contains significant threats; The concentration and types of enemy weapons normally employed require passive and active measures. Arm systems include first-generation SAMs, warning systems and aircraft without surveillance and/or downing capabilities. CSAR forces should expect to conduct evasive techniques with countermeasures on board, or plan other external aircraft for threat suppression or force protection (RESCAP, RESCORT and SEAD).
- High Threat: The operating environment presents hostile forces over a large coverage area, densely concentrated and able to quickly replenish and mobilise. Enemy weapons include advanced or state-of-the-art SAMs, modern ground radars, early warning systems, integrated AAA, and aircraft with surveillance and/or downing capabilities. High-threat environments are characterised by fully integrated air defence systems and C2 networks. Using a conventional CSARTF for high-threat operations requires extensive and detailed planning, and large force protection packages are required to conduct these operations. Only pre-planned CSAR missions are conducted in a high-threat environment.
The AMC should consider all available resources to refine the position of the isolated person, including land resources (e.g. JTACs).
¶ PLANNING
A CSAR task force will be created based on the current assessment of the situation.
CSAR forces will normally not launch until they have a defined position and a confirmed CSAR situation.
COMMUNICATIONS
Communication plans should be kept as simple and streamlined as possible without diminishing the situational awareness of any CSARTF member. A mission execution checklist and code words should be created to facilitate shared situational awareness without talking too much on the radio.
GROUND ALERT
Ground alert forces can be located at a friendly air base, but also at a FARP.
CSAR forces can be put on alert on the ground, pending the conditions for starting the recovery of isolated personnel. CSAR forces can also be put on alert in flight (to reduce response and response times), if friendly forces are conducting high-risk missions.
¶ EXECUTION
The goal of the execution phase is to bring recovered personnel to an appropriate medical care facility, friendly airbase or FARP.
Isolated personnel should not transmit distress calls "in the air" unless it has been pre-planned, unless it is known that the forces in the immediate vicinity are friendly. Emergency calls are made by initiating transmission with repeated "MAYDAY" three times followed by the individual's tactical call signal. Finally, the isolated person remains listening to the radio. Example:
“MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY, this is Bat 21;”
LANDING ZONE SELECTION (LZ)
Isolated personnel would have to reposition themselves near a LZ, large enough to accommodate a helicopter. The LZ. should provide concealment, be fairly levelled and free from major obstacles (especially high-voltage lines) and allow easy identification by helicopter crews. The use of smoke signals can help in identification.
SEARCH AND RECOVERY METHODS
Although the location of lone personnel can be located via a radio or visual search, other search modes may be more appropriate. The two main types of searches are:
- Electronic (ADF): The use of UHF and/or ADF equipment simplifies the task of locating isolated personnel. When tuned to the correct frequency, the bearing for the broadcast radio is displayed.
- Visual: CSAR search units may be able to schedule a defined search pattern if the threat environment allows. Research units should consider searching along the intended flight path of isolated personnel. Extensive aerial searches should only be conducted if the threat allows the recovery force to manoeuvre safely in the area under the object.
¶ CONCLUSION
A CSAR mission ends when isolated personnel are recovered to friendly territory.
¶ GENERAL CONDITIONS
There are different formations and techniques. All techniques should take into account terrain, visibility, aircraft and component capabilities and crew experience. Briefings should address flight integrity criteria, mission roles and individual aircraft responsibilities. CSAR missions must be conducted with minimal radio transmissions, transmitting the security of flight data, threats and critical missions only when necessary.
SINGLE-SHIP OPERATIONS (HELICOPTER).
Depending on the procedures in the area of operations, whether it is single or multi-ship helicopter operations, recovery helicopters cannot be launched until the position of distressed personnel has been reasonably verified and recovery is feasible. Clandestine penetration can best be conducted using single-ship recovery operations during night hours. This concept is based on a low-altitude profile and reduced visibility. The best defence of the helicopter is to remain unnoticed. Single-helicopter operations are only feasible in friendly territory or in very low risk environments and require RESCORT aircraft at higher threat levels.
MULTI-SHIP OPERATIONS (HELICOPTER).
Multi-ship CSAR ops improve combat effectiveness in several ways. When more than one helicopter is used, the secondary helicopter must be ready to assume the leadership of recovery in the event of sudden unavailability of the primary helicopter. Therefore, a primary and secondary helicopter are normally used towards the target area.
DAY EXTRACTION
When the CSAR recovery asset is on the entry route about 2-4 miles from the extraction point, the wingman establishes the separation of about 1/4 mile. When the Landing Zone is insight, the main aircraft begins approaching and landing. In the short final, the wingman passes from the right side of the leader, maintaining a speed of 150 - 190 km/h (80-100 knots) and a distance of about 400 metres. The gregarious then enters a right-hand orbit. When the helicopter that performed the extraction is ready to leave the LZ, a call "5 seconds out)" is transmitted the gregarious begins the departure along the outbound path to "cover" the path of the leader from enemy forces.
EXTRACTION AT NIGHT OR LOW VISIBILITY
Where weather, insufficient lighting or terrain characteristics significantly reduce visibility, crews must use procedures which minimise the possibility of deterioration of operations. Formations should be more compact and formation lights on.
When conducting night operations with reduced visibility, the leading aircraft should fly over and mark the LZ. During operations, both helicopters should reduce their separation to keep each other in sight. When directly over the extraction zone, the leading helicopter should launch flares.
EXTRACTION ON WATER
The recovery aircraft may be forced to spend a greater amount of time at the extraction point, due to the need to lift or retrieve isolated personnel with a winch. In case of extraction along a river or stream, exposure to threats is slightly reduced due to the characteristics of the terrain that mask the aircraft. Water operations, on the other hand, offer little protection as the masking is almost zero.
¶ ASSETS AND TACTICS
KEY POINTS OF A RESCUE MISSION
¶ RECOVERY CSAR ASSETS
ROTATING WING
Recovery in most CSARTFs is carried out by a helicopter, as they operate in a low-altitude regime and high manoeuvrability.
FIXED WING
If the situation permits, fixed-wing aeroplanes can also be used. Obviously they require suitable landing spaces. The advantages are those of having a generally faster platform with greater autonomy.
¶ SUPPORT FORCES
The FAC(A) or JTAC can provide the CSARTF significant tactical advantages. FAC(A) aircraft can locate and identify isolated personnel prior to the arrival of the CSARTF and provide the current threat assessment near the objective area. The initial coordination on stage must be assumed by the FAC(A) when no dedicated RESCORT activities are available or until the recovery forces do not start extraction.
¶ RESCORT
Fixed or rotary wing aircraft to support recovery operations.
The assets assigned to the RESCORT must be able to provide the rescue helicopter with communication support (relays) and fire support and should operate under the tactical control of an AMC or the OSC if this is pre-determined and according to the type of mission.
RESCORT assets should have the ability to "pave the way" at the entrance and meet with the escorted asset in the event of a change of course or other action. Coverage should continue until exit until recovery aircraft reach a friendly environment. Based on the proximity to the recovery assets, the missions are divided into:
- Attached Rescort This method allows constant visual or radar contact of recovery assets.
- Detached Rescort
- Route reconnaissance: The RESCORT aircraft flies in front of the recovery helicopter to suppress threats along the entry route, or redirect recovery helicopters to avoid enemy activity.
- Trail Escort: essentially a type of cover flight where the helicopter remains in the rear quadrant of the recovery helicopter flying the same route.
- Proximity Escort: Similar to the Trail Escort except that it does not fly the same route as the recovery aircraft.
RESCORT Rotary wing
Advantages:
- Low profile (noise, radar, visibility)
- Performance of aircraft comparable to that of rescue aircraft
- Better performance in bad weather situations
Disadvantages:
- the low speed of operations results in less sought after area
- The low altitude normally flown is prone to communication problems
- Limited armament capabilities compared to the fixed wing
- Shorter range than fixed wing
RESCORT Fixed Wing
Advantages:
- Faster search;
- Better communications due to higher altitude;
- Greater flexibility and greater capacity as a weapon system;
- Greater range;
- Superior survivability;
Disadvantages:
- The increased speed and altitude make protection for rescue forces more difficult;
- The ability to release armament can be more difficult in bad weather.
¶ SEARCH PATTERNS
When, on the other hand, the location of the isolated personnel is not available, the search must be undertaken on the basis of pre-established circuits (patterns) chosen on the basis of the information available (the planned route or an area in which the missing aircraft is presumed to have fallen).
CREEPING LINE
To be used when the search is along the intended route of the objective.
PARALLEL SEARCH PATTERN ALONG THE TARGET'S FLIGHT PATH
CREEPING LINE PATTERN USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE SQUARE MODEL
PARALLEL SEARCH PATTERN IN A LARGE RECTANGULAR AREA
SEARCH BY SECTOR
EXPANDING SQUARE
S=Spacing
¶ ESCORT AND COVERAGE PATTERN
CLOSE ESCORT PATTERNS
Performed when fixed-wing protection of recovery helicopters is required.
DAISY CHAIN
Advantages
Visual contact with the recovery helicopter is constantly maintained, as this is always the centre of the turn.
Disadvantages
Continuous RESCORT coverage is difficult to maintain.
S-WAVE PATTERN
Advantages
Good coverage at "6 o'clock" and side of the recovery helicopter.
Disadvantages
- It is a difficult formation to re-establish if the helicopter "breaks" due to a disengagement from threats.
- It is difficult to make the transition to entry or exit from the "hover" coverage.
FIGURE 8
The Figure 8 model can be used from both slow fixed-wing aircraft, but is usually more effective with helicopters.
It is designed for a 360-degree attack capability and allows helicopters to proceed in front of the RESCORT after each pass. If the escort aircraft is in front of the helicopters, either because of the speed of the helicopter or because of the need to increase their speed, a series of cross-turns can be made to reposition the RESCORT in the tail.
Armed helicopters providing cover can also provide substantial suppressive fire in the objective area using the model Figure 8. The Figure Eight pattern is not usable or compatible when using front-firing armed helicopters (which can only fire forward)
RACETRACK PATTERN
The Racetrack is designed for a higher speed of the RESCORT. This training requires more coordination to position suppression aircraft than in the Figure 8 pattern. The Racetrack model can be oriented and flown parallel or perpendicular to the feed axis of the recovery platform. When flown perpendicularly, the RESCORT maintains the "tail" of the helicopter and can minimise the time spent outside the engagement position by ensuring that a RESCORT is always pointed towards the helicopter's path.
RESCORT HOVER COVER
During the extraction phase or when the recovery helicopter enters a hovering for a mission suspension, RESCORT procedures must be modified to provide maximum suppression coverage during this period of vulnerability. When hovering or at low speed, the helicopter manoeuvrability, power requirements and defensive ordnance release azimuth are severely degraded. Rescort aircraft may be required to move frequently to other firing points to limit the effectiveness of enemy fire.
The 3 primary options for the RESCORT hover cover are the Wheel orbit, the Cloverleaf, and the High-Hold.
WHEEL ORBIT
The Wheel is the most commonly used option for low-speed RESCORT aircraft. The training provides the flexibility to effectively protect the helicopter.
The lateral spacing from the helicopter should be varied to establish the manoeuvring space needed to rapidly deploy suppression armament.
Advantages
- Rescort planes always have the recovery helicopter in sight.
- Wide manoeuvring spectrum
- Relatively easy to get in or out of the formation.
- Mutual support between training components.
Disadvantages
The coverage in favour of the helicopter must be optimised and coordinated.
CLOVERLEAF
The Cloverleaf is similar to the Wheel, except that the RESCORT aircraft sets a direction for a continuous attack pass around the helicopter.
Advantages
A single RESCORT aircraft is always available for threat suppression.
Disadvantages
The RESCORT aeroplane can "cross" the position of the helicopter during the attack on enemy threats.
HIGH-HOLD
High-Hold implies that the rescort aircraft rises above the range from the low and medium altitude SAM threat and begins to circle above the LZ. RESCORT aircraft should be ready to suppress enemy fire in the LZ, with a 5-second notification. SEAD aircraft support will normally be required, while RESCORT can obtain air-to-air support if RESCAP is not available.
Advantages
- Non-existent low-altitude threats.
- Reduced workload for the RESCORT pilots
- Improved target acquisition
Disadvantages
- SAM threats at medium to high altitude must be suppressed before starting manoeuvres.
- Adverse weather conditions will have an impact on the continuation of the mission.
¶ HELICOPTER ESCORT PATTERNS
RACETRACK PATTERN
The Racetrack pattern is the "basic" escort type. It can be used for enroute fire support, LZ preparation or suppression.
CLOVERLEAF PATTERN
The Cloverleaf can be used during suppression fire missions against points or area targets. The number of cloverleaf "leaves" varies depending on the threat scenario and mutual support requirements.
45-DEGREE ATTACK PATTERN
The 45-degree attack is most effective when only one target is planned, or when it is used to disengage from an area of hostile fire. It can be used during the route or during the initial suppression attacks. Onboard weapons are used by both aircraft for mutual cover.
L-ATTACK PATTERN
The L-pattern is the most effective model against targets that require a large volume of short-lived fire. This model can be used to attack linear targets or targets masked by the ground on one side. The pattern can also be used during the terminal phases of multiple entry routes to recoveries.
CIRCULAR PATTERN
The circular pattern is employed most effectively in a left or right orbit around the target, with RESCORT helicopters equally spaced around the circle. The altitude and diameter of the orbit should vary as needed, so that attack helicopters can enter with the appropriate at an angle to attack the target.
¶ SPINS (SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS)
SPINs are issued in order to provide forces with instructions on actions to be taken to evade the enemy and mandatory procedures to be followed for subsequent recovery and are focused primarily on people trained and equipped for CSAR recovery. In principle, SPINS should be minimised and contain information classified as "perishable" and time-sensitive so as not to give the enemy time to be decoded.
¶ SARDOT
A SARDOT is a geographical location known only to the allied forces, which allows isolated personnel to pass their position on an unprotected radio network without compromising their position. SARDOT positions, coordinate format, map reference, and GPS programming procedures, including bearing and distance formats, are listed.
¶ SARNEG
SARNEG is a code word of 10 letters, without repeating letters and which corresponds to the numbers from 0 to 9. It allows an individual to send their encrypted location over an unsecured radio network without compromising their location. The standard procedures provide for passing latitude and longitude without taking into account directional indicators.
Example:
|
B |
R |
U |
T |
A |
L |
I |
S |
M |
O |
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
450203N - 0102107E, It is read as: ALBUBT break BRBURBS.
¶ WORD/LETTER/NUMBER/COLOUR OF THE DAY.
The word of the day (WOD), the letter of the day (LOD), the number of the day (NOD) and the colour of the day (COD) are means of authentication that must be used first during the authentication of isolated personnel. This information should be used when forces on the ground attempt to establish communication with isolated personnel. These are the primary authentication methods.
¶ CHALLENGE/PASSWORD
There may be cases where isolated personnel are unaware of authentication information. In these cases, the challenge/password combination used at the time of the event can be used to authenticate isolated personnel. This is information provided by the unit in cases where other forms of authentication cannot be used and could be the only method available to recovery units during recovery.
¶ DURESS CODE WORD
If you are captured and forced to broadcast by radio, transmit this message by attaching the DURESS to the call sign to let the recovery forces know that enemy forces are listening to communications.
¶ RAMROD
As with the Challenge / Password, this is an alternative method of authentication.
¶ BREVITY WORDS
List of the most used words in Personnel Recovery.
SPINS can integrate CODEWORDS other than those listed below if the situation makes it necessary.
| ABORT | Cease action / attack event / mission /emergency egress |
| AJAX | LZ /PZ clear of threats |
| ANCHOR(ED) | Orbit at a specific point |
| BANDIT | An aircraft identified as an enemy, in accordance with theatre identification (ID) criteria. The term does not necessarily imply direction or authority to engage. |
| (system) BENT | System indicated inoperative |
| BINGO | Fuel state reached needed for recovery (immediate BUGOUT) |
| BITTERSWEET | Blue on Blue / Neutral engagement |
| BLIND | No visual contact with friendlies (opposite of VISUAL) |
| BOGEY | Unidentified aircraft |
| BREAK RIGHT or LEFT | Turn 90 degrees Left or Right immediately |
| BUGOUT | Separation of operation with no intent to re engage |
| BUSTER + XX or - XX | Increase or decrease speed plus or minus XX knots |
| BUZZER | Electronic communications jamming |
| CEASE FIRE | Stop firing, missile in flight can continue to target |
| CHATTERMARK | Switch to the alternate frequency due to MIJI (Meaconing - Intrusion - Jamming - Interference) |
| CLEARED HOT | Ordnance release authorised |
| CLOSING | Decrease separation (opposite of FLOAT) |
| COMMIT | Intercept / engage specified target |
| CONTACT | Sensor contacts at stated position |
| DATA | IDM message. Send / received / not received |
| DEADEYE | Laser / IR pointer inoperative |
| DIVERT | Proceed to the alternate base / mission |
| EXTEND | Manoeuvre for separation / position to reattack |
| FEET WET / DRY | Continue ops over water / land |
| FENCE (IN / OUT) | Set switches entering / leaving the combat area |
| FLASH | Turn on specified system for identification |
| FLOAT | Increase separation (opposite of CLOSING) |
| HOLD FIRE | Stop firing, missile in flight should be aimed elsewhere |
| LEAN (DIRECTION) | Manoeuvre to avoid threat |
| MARSHALLING | Establish at a specific point |
| MUD (type and direction) | Ground RWR indications |
| NAKED | No RWR indications |
| NO JOY | No visual contact with the non-friendlies (opposite of TALLY) |
| PLAYTIME | Time left for mission |
| POPEYE | Flying in reduced visibility (e.g. fog, smoke, dust) |
| PRESS | Continue attack |
| RESUME | Resume last formation / route / mission |
| RIFLE | Friendly air to ground missile launched |
| ROLEX | Time adjustment from original plan in minutes |
| ROPE | Circling IR pointer around acft to identify troops on the gnd |
| SADDLED | Return to briefed formation position |
| SAUNTER (RANGE) | Fly max endurance (range) |
| SCRAMBLE | Take off as soon as possible |
| SHOTGUN | Briefed weapon status at which BUGOUT should begin |
| SNAKE | Oscillate IR pointer about a target |
| SPARKLE | Oscillate IR pointer on target / Mark target with tracers |
| SPIKE(D) | Direction RWR indications of a radar track or launch |
| SPLIT | Leave formation to pursue separate attack |
| SPOOFING | Voice deception is being used |
| STATUS | Request for information regarding aircraft status |
| STEADY | Stop oscillation of IR pointer |
| TALLY | Sighting of non-friendlies (opposite of NO JOY) |
| TEN SECONDS | Stand-by for Laser ON in ten seconds |
| TERMINATE | Stop laser illumination of target |
| TUMBLEWEED | Loss of situational awareness, request information |
| VISUAL | Visual contact with friendlies (opposite of BLIND) |
| WHAT LUCK | BDA / results of the mission |
| WHAT STATE | Number of fuel / ammo / rockets / missiles of aircraft |
| WINCHESTER | Out of ammunition |
| YARDSTICK | Directive to use air to air TACAN for range and bearing |
¶ SUMMARY CHECKLIST
¶ I¶ N¶ I¶ T¶ I¶ A¶ L
¶ P¶ H¶ A¶ S¶ E¶ S |
Distress call (mayday) |
 |
| Acquisition and forwarding of info |
 |
|
| Mission Assessment and Preparation |
 |
|
| Mission Briefing* |
 |
|
| Launch of assets (if not already in flight) * |
 |
|
| Routing |
 |
*These 2 points could be reversed with Briefing to the crews already in flight.
|
P H A S E
C S A R |
Rendezvous phase in Permissible area |
|
| Possible SEAD for threat suppression |
|
|
| Ingress in non-permissible area |
|
|
| CSAR + Rescort |
|
|
| Extraction of isolated personnel |
 |
|
| Egress towards a permissible area |
|
|
R T B |
Routing |
|
| Conclusion of the mission and Reintegration |
 |
¶ EXAMPLE OF A MISSION
The pilot of the Bat21 mission was hit by a surface-to-air missile and before launching he declares the emergency:
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY, this is Bat21, over point Echo, 12000ft, flying 045 at 120 knots, descending. Hit by SAM, will eject in 5 seconds.
The wingman BAT22 relays the information to the AMC:
- Legion, this is Bat22, Bat21, F16 ejected at 1715 Zulu due to a SAM hit. Parachute visible, approximate location N45.34.143 E009.45.332. Last contact on CH2. Weather is clear skies with light winds, enemy activity suppressed but one infantry platoon is active to the east. One village to the north of the location, south and east direction are woodlands. Gladiator active on checkpoint A.
- Bat22 this is Legion, Location xxxxxxx - xxxxxxx. Last contact on CH2. Assume OSC until relieved. State playtime and loadout.
- Legion this is Bat22, assuming OSC, playtime 60 mikes, 2 x GBU16, 250 20mm rounds on board.
Once the CSARTF has been established, the briefing is given::
- Dark 01 and Fury 02, this is Legion. CSAR information Alpha:
Bat2-1 shot down by SAM;
Enemy forces nearby;
Callsign Gladiator, a JTAC is active in the area on checkpoint A. Bat22, 1 x F16 is overhead;
Weather is clear skies with light winds;
Expect woodlands area;
Bat21 is located approximately xxxxxxx - xxxxxxxx;
Parachute seen and Bat22 is in contact with Bat21 on CH1;
Rendezvous at Checkpoint not later than 1750Z;
OSC is Bat22;
RESCORT is Dark01;
Rescue helicopter is Fury02;
Approach to Checkpoint A from the south and, once entered, Dark will remain low level while Fury will contact JTAC Gladiator for prosecution of targets and relieving Bat22; Formation as you see fit;
Fury will check-in with JTAC Gladiator for route sanitization;
Dark flight can expect woodland areas to the south and east and a village to the north of the position;
Egress will follow the same route as ingress unless otherwise required;
Go/No-go when threat is deemed too high for extraction or if the rescue helicopters take enemy fire;
ROE as briefed, minimise collateral damage;
CSAR operation will be done on CSAR Common freq, Ch3 and Ch5 as backup.
¶ PRINTABLE FORMATS
¶ INCIDENT REPORT |
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| TIME OF REPORT | |
| CALLSING | |
| TYPE | |
| COLOR | |
| EXACT OE ESTIMATED LOCATION * | |
| DAY/TIME OF THE INCIDENT | |
| POB | |
| STATUS OF ISOLATED PERSONNEL | |
| FREQUENCY | |
| AUTHENTICATION INFO | |
| HAZARDS AND ENEMY SITUATION | |
| ANY OTHER INFO | |
*In a non-permissive environment the lat/long coordinates must NOT be given
¶ AMC CHECKLIST |
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| Notified by | Callsign | ||||||||||||
| Accompanying A/C callsign | Aircraft type | ||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||
| Actual/last known/estimated | |||||||||||||
| POB | Time | ||||||||||||
| Cause of crash (if known) | |||||||||||||
| Bailout location (if applicable) | |||||||||||||
| # of chutes seen (if applicable) | seen by | ||||||||||||
| Bailout altitude/winds (if applicable) | ft. | kts. | |||||||||||
| # of isolated personnel | reported by | ||||||||||||
| Crew position | |||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||
| Condition | |||||||||||||
| Last voice contact | |||||||||||||
| Frequency | |||||||||||||
| Situation (threat in area) | |||||||||||||
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Authenticate survivor (and means used): |
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| PR colour | PR word | ||||||||||||
| PR letter | PR number | ||||||||||||
The following format is used to communicate the basic info regarding the PR situation. It serves the AMC to collect information to be relaunched to higher bodies (PRCC in our case) and to the CSARTF. Each aircraft must have this checklist on board
¶ PR-11LINE REPORT |
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| # | ACTION | DATA | ||||
| 1 |
Callsign / Vehicle Type / Mission Number / Parent Command |
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| 2 |
Location Source Time |
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| 3 | Comm with Survivor (Yes / No) | |||||
| 4 |
Authentication Used (yes/no and by what means) |
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| 5 | Injuries/Conditions | |||||
| 6 |
OSC / Bingo / Loadout / Point Of Contact (POC) (Who is reporting and means of communication) |
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| 7 | # Chutes Seen | |||||
| 8 | Cause of incident | |||||
| 9 | Hazards / Ground / Air Threats / Access to the spot | |||||
| 10 | WX in Survivor Area | |||||
| 11 | Survivor Radio Frequency | a) | b) | |||
ATTENTION: Line 2 must contain all elements: location / source / time
¶ OSC CHECKLIST |
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| 1. AUTHENTICATION | |
| a. Identify. | |
| b. Number of isolated personnel. | |
| c. Establish order of communication | |
| d. Determine enemy activity. | |
| e. Check all assets on station time, ordnance, and other relevant factors. | |
| 2. LOCATION | |
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| b. Determine signal devices. | |
| c. Request general terrain description. | |
| d. Request isolated personnel give vectors to their position. | |
| e. Locate isolated personnel position within 1 NM. | |
| 3. SANITIZATION | |
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| 4. RECOVERY | |
| a. Brief helicopter and remainder of CSARTF on: | |
| 1. Number of isolated personnel. | |
| 2. Distance to isolated personnel from the initial point. | |
| 3. Describe terrain. | |
| 4. Isolated personnel location. | |
| 5. Elevation of recovery area. | |
| 6. Wind speed and direction. | |
| 7. Known or suspected enemy activity. | |
| 8. Describe ingress and egress routes. | |
| 9. Emergency safe landing area. | |
| b. Direct isolated personnel to: | |
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| 2. Call threatening enemy positions. | |
| 3. Vector helicopter if necessary | |
¶ MISSION BRIEFING |
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| 1. SITUATION | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MISSION STATEMENT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ENEMY FORCES | FRIENDLY FORCES | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WEATHER | ENVIRONMENT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2. ISOLATED PERSONNEL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LOCATION | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DESCRIPTION | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. GND PROCEDURES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| START | TAXI | TAKEOFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4. CHAIN OF RESPONSABILITY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AMC | OSC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RESCORT | RESCAP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RESCUE HELICOPTER(S) | SEAD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. INGRESS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ROUTE | TERRAIN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SPEED | ALTITUDE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FORMATIONS | HAZARDS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PATTERNS | A/A TACAN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ROUTE SANITIZATION | ORDNANCE LOAD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TIMING | TERMINAL CONTROL OF HELOs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RESCAP PLAN | SEAD PLAN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PROB.POINT OF ENEMY CNT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6. LANDING ZONE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LANDING DIRECTION | F/WING COORD. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HELICOPTER LAND/HOVER | F/WING COVER PATTERN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SURV.HOLD.PROCEDURES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7. EGRESS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ROUTE | TERRAIN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SPEED | ALTITUDE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FORMATIONS | HAZARDS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PATTERNS | A/A TACAN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ROUTE SANITIZATION | ENGAGEMENTS RESP. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PROB.POINT OF ENEMY CNT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8. COORDINATION INSTRUCTIONS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GO/NO-GO CRITERIA | ORDNANCE USE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ROE–ARMNT CONDITIONS | LASER CODES | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| JOKER | BINGO | RE-FUEL PLAN / FARP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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COORD. WITH FRIENDLY ASSETS |
ROE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9. COMMS PLAN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EMCON | LOST COMM | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FREQUENCIES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
¶ SPINS |
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AUTHENTICATION |
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WORD |
LETTER |
NUMBER |
COLOR |
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CHALLENGE |
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PASSWORD |
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RAMROD |
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DURESS WORD |
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LOCATION |
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SARNEG |
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0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
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SARDOT |
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CSAR FREQUENCIES |
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CSAR A |
MHZ |
CSAR B |
MHZ |
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PROCEDURES |
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| (Orbits, Routes, Points and any other relevant procedure and info) | ||||||||||||||||||
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BREVITY AND CODEWORDS |
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EVENT |
CODE |
EVENT |
CODE |
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| EF LAUNCH | REQUEST MORE CAS | |||||||||||||||||
| RESCORT LAUNCH | SURVIVOR NOT LOCATED | |||||||||||||||||
| CSARTF RV & READY | CRASH SITE NOT LOCATED | |||||||||||||||||
| EF AT SURVIVOR LOCATION | SMOKE | |||||||||||||||||
| SURVIVOR RECOVERED | HOSTILE CONTACT | |||||||||||||||||
| SURVIVOR UNINJOURED | CONTINUE | |||||||||||||||||
| EF RESCORT EGRESS | NORTH | |||||||||||||||||
| CLRD TO EXEC MISSION | SOUTH | |||||||||||||||||
| MISSION ABORT | WEST | |||||||||||||||||
| MISSION DEALY | EAST | |||||||||||||||||
| CHANGE ROUTE | ON TOP | |||||||||||||||||
| … | … | |||||||||||||||||
| … | … | |||||||||||||||||
¶ MILITARY MEDEVAC OPERATIONS
MEDEVAC is the ability to transport patients during military operations under continuous medical care.
Often, the term is mistakenly confused with CASEVAC (Casualties Evacuation), the eviction of injured personnel by means of circumstance whose use cannot be planned a priori.
The success of the mission depends on timely evacuation, which can be influenced by many factors, such as the operating environment, time, length and quality of evacuation routes, and sufficient MEDEVAC resources.
¶ MEDEVAC ORGANISATION
MEDEVAC's requests are forwarded to a specific C2 entity which organises the mission based on the information received.
For the needs of the network we can trace everything back to the RCC described in the SAR manual or to the PRCC as described in the CSAR section, as well as the OSC function can be undertaken by an asset present in the area, such as a CAS or FAC(A) aircraft etc.
¶ MEDEVAC ASSETS
MEDEVAC structures are defined by the scope in which they operate and are divided into three main categories:
Forward MEDEVAC
Advanced medevac is the movement of patients on a platform with medical personnel from the point of injury POI and/or illness to the first MTF (Medical Treatment Facility). This is most commonly achieved with rotary-wing trims. MEDEVAC advanced activities must meet levels of protection similar to those possessed by the forces operating in the area they cover.
Tactical MEDEVAC
Tactical medevac is the movement of patients "in-theatre" on a platform with medical personnel between medical treatment facilities. from an MTF (Medical Treatment Facility) to another MTF within the operating area. It can be conducted by ground, rotary-wing or fixed-wing activities. Patients will be regularly stabilised prior to evacuation.
Strategic MEDEVAC
Strategic MEDEVAC is one carried out in a temporary "off-theatre" security zone and is a national responsibility that can be met by multinational agreements; in general, it is a shared responsibility between the Force Commander and the Contributing Nations. In case of non-availability of military means, one should consider the use of civilian charter aircraft with the caveat about their ability to fly in the theatre of operations.
Assets are used for advanced and tactical evacuation. They must be appropriate to the mission they support. This includes:
- Ground Assets
- Air Assets
- Maritime Assets
¶ MAIN PHASES OF A MEDEVAC
When calling a MEDEVAC, there are several steps that the parties involved must observe to ensure the correct call and dispatch of the rescue units, which must be provided with the necessary information to reach the patient's location.
¶ Return fire
Before attempting to call a MEDEVAC the scene must be made safe. Personnel must not reduce the overall effectiveness of firepower. If the unit under fire reduces the response against enemy force, this could result in greater loss of personnel.
¶ Fire cover for medical personnel
Once the superiority of fire is established, the wounded can be treated, always under cover fire. At this stage, medical personnel can begin to treat the wounded in imminent danger of life while maintaining their safety.
¶ Determine the number of patients
This phase is important not only to determine the number of means needed, but also to allow medical personnel to perform precise triage on health status and life probability. In addition, there should be no limited space on upcoming MEDEVAC platforms.
¶ Using the 9Line MEDEVAC format
Medical evacuation requests are sent via a standard format called 9LINE MEDEVAC.
The first five lines are the most important, the other four can be transmitted when the means have left.
They are "coded" messages and each line should not be transmitted in clear but with numbers (where required) and letters corresponding to each meaning.
For example, on line 3, when you need to transmit the number of patients and what priority will it be enough to say:
Line3, 1Alpha – 2Bravo
To say that they are 1 urgent patient and 2 other patients in priority.
¶ 9Line MEDEVAC
¶ MEDEVAC 9LINE |
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| 1: LOCATION OF PICK-UP SITE (LAT/LONG) | |||||||
| 2: CALL SIGN |
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FREQ. |
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| 3: NUMERS OF PATIENTS BY PRECEDENCE | |||||||
| A – URGENT (WITHIN 2 HRS): | |||||||
| B - PRIORITY (WITHIN 4 HRS): | |||||||
| C - ROUTINE (WITHIN 24HRS): | |||||||
| 4: SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED | |||||||
| A – NONE | |||||||
| B – HOIST | |||||||
| C – EXTRACTION EQUIP. | |||||||
| D- VENTILATION | |||||||
| 5: NUMBER OF PATIENTS & TYPE | |||||||
| L – LITTER | |||||||
| A – AMBULATORY | |||||||
| 6: SECUITY OF PICKUP SITE | |||||||
| N – NO ENEMY TROOPS | |||||||
| P – POSSIBLE ENEMY TROOPS - APPROACH W/CAUTION | |||||||
| E – ENEMY TROOPS IN AREA - APPROACH W/CAUTION | |||||||
| X – ENEMY TROOPS IN AREA – ARMED ESCORT REQUESTED | |||||||
| 7: METHOD OF MARKING (METODO DI MARCATURA) | |||||||
| A – PANELS | |||||||
| B – PYROTECHINC SIGNAL | |||||||
| C – SMOKE COLOR | |||||||
| D – NONE | |||||||
| E – OTHER | |||||||
| 8: PATIENT NATIONALITY | |||||||
| A – MILITARY | |||||||
| D – CIVILIAN | |||||||
| E – PRISONER OF WAR | |||||||
| 9: [PEACETIME] TERRAIN DESCRIPTION OF THE PICKUP SITE | |||||||
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9: [WARTIME] PATIENT STATUS (STATO DEI PAZIENTI) |
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| A –CHEMICAL | |||||||
| B - BACTERIOLOGICAL | |||||||
| C - RADIOLOGICAL | |||||||
| D- NUCLEAR | |||||||
¶ Example of 9line MEDEVAC
LINE1: N45.34.143 E009.45.332
LINE2: JOLLY11 – CH12
LINE3: 1A – 2C
LINE4: A
LINE5: 2L – 1A
LINE6: P
LINE7: C - RED
LINE8: A
LINE9: WOODLAND NORTH OF THE SITE, POWERLINES TO THE WEST